If GDP is the measure of a nation’s success, then why are so many wealthy countries plagued by unhappiness? Bhutan, a small Himalayan kingdom, dares to ask a radical question: What if happiness, not wealth, is the truest measure of progress?
Bhutan, a small kingdom nestled in the Eastern Himalayas, is renowned not just for its dramatic landscapes and rich cultural heritage, but for its unique approach to national development. Unlike most countries that prioritize Gross Domestic Product (GDP) as the principal measure of economic health, Bhutan employs an alternative metric known as Gross National Happiness (GNH). This holistic concept, which places the well-being of its citizens at the center of policy-making, has profound implications for both the longevity of its population and the economic stability of the nation.
For much of my life, I believed success was synonymous with achievement—financial security, professional accolades, and a carefully curated image of confidence and poise. But there were moments, in the quiet spaces between those milestones, where I felt an unsettling emptiness and unease. It was only when I turned 60 years old and finally found the courage to leave the corporate world and began to prioritize connection, purpose, and identifying what made my heart truly sing that I realized I’d been chasing the wrong prize. Bhutan’s philosophy of Gross National Happiness feels like a mirror to my own awakening—a reminder that what truly sustains us isn’t what we own or what we do, but how we live. We are human beings not human doings.
I recently had the pleasure of visiting this unique country and was fortunate to meet with Dasho Karma Tshiteem, the former Secretary of the Gross National Happiness Commission of Bhutan. He explained that the GNH framework was pioneered by Bhutan’s fourth King (Jigme Singye Wangchuck, father of the current King), who believed that sustainable development should be balanced with intangible factors that contribute to collective happiness.
The GNH index evaluates progress through four key pillars: sustainable and equitable socio-economic development, conservation of the environment, preservation and promotion of culture, and good governance. These pillars are further divided into nine domains, including health, education, community vitality, psychological well-being, and ecological diversity. The result is a development philosophy that prioritizes long-term well-being over short-term economic gains.
Research has consistently shown that happiness and well-being play a crucial role in determining life expectancy. Bhutan’s emphasis on GNH fosters a lifestyle where stress is minimized, community connections are strong, and access to quality health care and education is a national priority. This environment contributes to healthier, more contented lives, which in turn supports longevity. Unlike high-GDP nations where economic growth can often lead to increased disparities, social isolation, and mental health challenges, Bhutan’s policies promote a sense of collective belonging and purpose.
Key elements contributing to longevity in Bhutan include strong social bonds, environmental stewardship, and mindful living. Bhutanese society values community ties, family connections, and interdependence. These relationships are known to reduce stress, provide support, and improve resilience against life’s challenges, all of which contribute to a longer, healthier life.
By mandating that at least 60% of the country’s land remain forested, Bhutan protects its natural resources, ensuring clean air and water—factors vital to public health and longevity. Additionally, Bhutanese culture, deeply influenced by Buddhist principles, encourages practices such as meditation, gratitude, and mindfulness, which have been shown to lower stress levels and improve overall health.
While skeptics might argue that prioritizing happiness over GDP could hinder economic growth, Bhutan’s model suggests otherwise. The GNH framework fosters a balanced and sustainable economy that emphasizes local resilience and minimizes the negative externalities often associated with rapid industrialization. By investing in the well-being of its citizens, Bhutan nurtures a productive workforce, reduces public health costs, and ensures long-term economic stability.
For instance, tourism—one of Bhutan’s primary revenue sources—is managed through a “high-value, low-volume” strategy. This ensures that the country reaps significant economic benefits while preserving its cultural and environmental integrity. Additionally, policies driven by GNH encourage innovation in sustainable agriculture and crafts, supporting local economies and reducing reliance on external markets.
Bhutan’s approach offers valuable insights for other nations grappling with the pitfalls of GDP-centric growth. As global concerns about mental health, environmental degradation, and economic inequality rise, GNH presents an alternative path that integrates economic stability with the holistic well-being of citizens. By demonstrating that well-being and economic health can coexist, Bhutan inspires a new development narrative. One also reflected in the Stanford Center on Longevity New Map of Life.
In a world where many seek to balance prosperity with happiness, Bhutan stands as a testament to the idea that true progress is measured not just by wealth, but by the quality of life that wealth enables.
-Annie
Annie Coleman is an MEA alum and Ambassador for the Stanford Center on Longevity, a Midlife transitions coach and age diversity organization culture consultant. In her former career, she ranged from PR officer for the Right Honorable Margaret Thatcher to a three-year sabbatical in India to investment banking to CHRO in a European bank.